Reflex Flash

Used for portrait shots of an optical technique. It refers to the photographer to shoot, put the Flash on a sufficiently large, relatively flat on a white object (typically a white wall or white ceiling) surface, starting from the diffuse reflection light through, so that was taken from the soft natural light for relative to lower light than to eliminate off dazzling black-shadow and direct photo light caused by light

Optics basics: focus, circles, depth of field: concepts and calculations

First explain some concepts: 1, focus (focus) and the optical axis parallel rays into convex lens, ideal lens should be all rays accumulation in mind, then to the proliferation of the cone, the aggregation of all light, known as the focus. 2. circles (circle of confusion) before and after in focus, light began to gather and spread, the point of the image becomes fuzzy

Strobe lighting

Flash lighting devices can be divided into the following categories: Studio lighting equipment, the internal Flash and portable additional Flash. Although the internal Flash is a convenient lighting source, it is often used to supplement the sunlight, but it has its own drawbacks. First of all, the light output of light intensity limited. If it is the only source of light, that can only be used for lighting relative close to be taken. Second, the

Flash lighting devices can be divided into the following categories: Studio lighting equipment, the internal Flash and portable additional Flash.

Although the internal Flash is a convenient lighting source, it is often used to supplement the sunlight, but it has its own drawbacks. First of all, the light output of light intensity limited. If it is the only source of light, that can only be used for lighting relative close to be taken. Second, the internal shining lights always positive relative was taken, prone to harsh, seductive light. Third, the internal shining lamps and lenses are very close, this results in the red eye, causing people pupil red. In contrast, additional Flash and hand-held Flash is much more flexible. In General, they have strong light output, its flash light can change the angle. The light hitting the wall or ceiling, using reflection to get soft lighting, natural lighting effects. But the Flash head can be far enough away from the camera to avoid red-eye phenomenon.

Sparkle fade

Be taken in from farther away, it was a Flash of light, the fewer if Flash to be taken of the distance to 2 times the area of Flash radiation increased to 4 times.

Internal Flash such as Flash and its main light source, might as well as auxiliary light source is useful, because of its light weight, strong, and can only be positive, so creative with glitter effect, such Flash has great limitation.

The following figure shows the camera has a practical part, namely the infrared sensor. It can reflect a body from being taken, invisible light autofocus light detectors help light is too dark when determining the location of the camera body.

Additional Flash Flash mounted on the top of the shoe pentaprism, electronic contacts on it and connect the camera to automatically trigger Flash, such as a variety of Flash specifications which complete integration of Flash (dedicated Flash) has a wide variety of uses.

Portable Flash such Flash with a long handle for mobile.

But it can be installed on the side of the camera. This type of Flash using independent battery, the battery pack with charger fast, each charging Flash number, etc. Flash sync conductor coordinate opening Flash and shutter.

Studio lighting equipment

Indoor photography can be tungsten iodine lamp and lighting flash unit.

Plug socket connected to standard power and tungsten iodine lamp can be regulated from the camera's control. While Flash unit of light, the work does not have a temperature, and was widely used. Since iodine lamp and daylight color temperature, with artificial lighting, you must use the appropriate kind of film. Never light solar tablets and tablets confused. Because Flash and natural daylight color temperature no difference when the Flash unit lighting may use normal film shooting. But also as an auxiliary light, sunlight but flash unit of light output, and can not be used on battery power.

Basic Flash unit each flash unit including a pair of adjustable lighting in the brackets and other can be used to change the light quality, its control switch adjustable light intensity, slightly larger Flash unit requires a power supply unit.

Using Flash sync cable to connect the Flash head and shutter.

Flash light meter because Flash moments, it is necessary to use light to take the correct exposure.

Some light meter is designed to test the Flash and ambient light. Metering, you can hold the table you want to place measuring readings, and then manually a restart Flash. Functional light flash head that lamp can be taken as a whole for uniform lighting. Bezel Flash head that lamp is fitted with 4 block around the active bezel to limit ray casting in certain parts of the body is taken. Nasal tube Flash head that lamp is similar to the spotlight, hoses out narrow light, resulting in significant shadows. Soft light box diffuser this diffuser produces a soft. Distribution of light. When the soft light shining through the strainer cage, front plate is a light source.

Film type

Worldwide sales of all film. 90 percent is used for printing color photos of color negatives. The remaining 10% are mainly positive film and slides in color. Only a few people interested in the black and white film. Negative or positive color negatives use is taken of the complementary colors to be taken, and may adjust the overall color bias. In the printing, color contrast, correct display features

Worldwide sales of all film.

90 percent is used for printing color photos of color negatives. The remaining 10% are mainly positive film and slides in color. Only a few people interested in the black and white film.

Negative or positive color negatives use is taken of the complementary colors to be taken, and may adjust the overall color bias.

In the printing, color contrast, correctly shows the scenery of the original features. Black and white negative film is the tonal contrast. Deep-tint to the light color of guises. While on tone dark. And just like in color negative film, black and white negative film printing. Tonal contrast, show the correct distribution of light and darkness. Such as reverse picture or transparent film or something positive images, mainly used to show and not a yan, therefore, the film's color or tint is consistent with the original scene.

Photos or slides using color negative film has the advantage of using their printed on a color photo viewing in convenient and simple.

They can be stored in a print shop's film bag or in the photography book. In addition, printing on photo costs low, contrast, color slides in the darkroom ornamental front loading box, and must be inserted into the projector. Of course, after the projection of slides is more lively than the photo, as its image quality, color richer, more close to life. Black and white photos: black and white negatives of images and tone of the original features contrast, bright tones correspond to be taken in dark areas. And deep tones correspond to be taken in the areas of bright color. Color negative film can also be printed in black and white photos, but generally speaking, the black and white negative film can produce the most satisfactory quality results. Photo: color negative film image color is to be taken of complementary colors, this film to the identification of a certain image quality. Printing, color reproduction. When necessary, the color can be used in the printing process using filters to be inserted. If the photo color is not accurate or a degree of color difference, you may request printed again. Color slides: as the slide does not intervene in the printing steps, so the color is accurate. Slide in preparation for the show, each an image must be cut from the film strip down and packed boxes. This rinse slides on billing, no hassle. Slides can also be used to produce a color or black-and-white photographs.

Film medium format each medium format camera must use the appropriate medium format film.

35 mm camera film cassettes by metal or plastic cassette supply and use of the site in my camera roll film has a layer of protective backing paper. Large format films as separate sheets. 110 mm film: the once popular 110 mm film medium format is very small, with its printed photos are often of poor quality. This simple film press plastic cassette supply. 35 mm film: this is the most popular film medium format, its variety. It can be used to produce photos that are also used to make the slide, and the film's length and speed does not change. Volume film: this film is also known as 120 or 220 mm, used for all sites in the camera. It can produce 2 inches (6 cm) size of the image. Bulk page film: bulk page film according to the separate leaflet. Use the loaded movie clip.

Sunlight and lights movie film is based on the use of specific types of light colours.

To get the best results. Most of the daylight film for indoor use electronic Flash, can also play a role in the color balance. Because these two are the same as the color temperature of light. If the lighting in the home or Studio with lighting. The film will show a layer of clear orange tones. For color photos, this puts the printing hue can be significantly corrected. However, there is no color slides printed-and-drop procedure. Therefore ensure that different light sources use the correct type of film seem to critical. Black and white and black and white slides can be used in any light. Without having to worry about its tone restore changes.

Color balance

Daylight film can be used in daylight, can also be used in Flash.

Film speed and photographic equipment

According to the film speed, we can put the film into three broad categories: fast film. Slow-speed film and film. Fast film with high ISO (International Standards Association). Slow film of lower ISO values. Fast film applied to the photo under low illumination. In contrast, when the PC performance low slow film may cause underexposed, fast film get the correct

According to the film speed, we can put the film into three broad categories: fast film.

Slow-speed film and film. Fast film with high ISO (International Standards Association). Slow film of lower ISO values. Fast film applied to the photo under low illumination. In contrast, when the PC performance low slow film may cause underexposed, fast film the possibility of obtaining the correct exposure is even greater, however, the speed improvements will reduce image resolution to increase the contrast. Slow film in illuminance good, get high-quality photos are very favourable.

Film force Developer: If you take additional extended color negatives of developer time to compensate.

Color negative film can press calibration ISO values for exposure of 2 times. Slow film: this piece of marble bust statue of photos is to use slow film (ISO32). Please note that the statue faces delicate beige texture as well as bright and dark on the right is left soft tonal transition, even if you zoom in, the scene of the particle size is also negligible. Slow film selection: slow film suitable for shooting a bright was taken, or where the record is taken of the dynamic and fuzzy traces. It is commonly used for still life photography, because still life photos need to zoom in on details of fullness after remains, particles and exquisite images, even in bad lighting conditions, but also to put the camera is fixed to a tripod for slow-speed film for a long time exposure. Medium-speed film: this is the top lighting conditions unchanged, use of medium-speed film (ISO200) filmed half statue. Note that the film of the PC faster, more coarse particles of the image. At this point, the film's PC much faster (ISO value doubled, said the PC performance improvement 1 times), but the image quality remains satisfactory, particles are not obvious. The choice of medium-speed film: medium-speed film is suitable for a wide variety of camera body and a wide variety of lighting conditions. For the Eastern Mediterranean scenery photo, its surrounding environment brightness is high. But will still be available in the morning or evening when the Sun is a little low and not very strong sunshine with medium-speed film. Fast film: when the film speed increased to ISO400, the whole half statue of the slightly different. The face is not enough, half-length, light and dark's fat poor start. As expected, with a speed of the film, the image is enlarged by man-made materials is obvious. Selection of fast film: shoot this flying seagulls need high-speed shutter speed to capture the sense of being perturbed and prevent camera shake, at the same time, the need for a small aperture, avoid focusing on errors. Fast film can make you very dark weak illumination crawl was taken. Ultra-fast shooting this film: to use as the statue of the film, its ISO1000 photosensitivity is ISO400 film 1.5 times at this point, the film emulsion of particles very significantly, at the same time, please note that when using a slow film very gentle gradation level now more rough, but the color is changed. Ultra-fast film selection: the lighting brightness is very low, for example, in a dark room or the weak and the evening of outdoor, optional ultra-fast shooting film. This film is very sensitive to light, even in the matches to light was satisfied with the results. Their visions of a particle size can create dramatic screen, get remarkable atmosphere.

Basic photographic equipment

On 35 mm single-lens reflex camera users should have a set of photographs of various kinds of equipment and accessories.

On the lens, your camera can be supplied with an installed 50 mm standard lens. In addition, you should consider is equipped with a 28-35 mm wide angle lens for shooting a square surface or in narrow places. 90-135 mm telephoto lens for shooting portraits and distance of scenery is appropriate. The zoom lens flexibility, avoid the transform lens brings trouble. Tripod in guarantee static scenery images clear at the same time, the long exposure time to prevent camera shake plays an important role.

If your photography packages there is room, you also should be placed some filter, a set of basic camera cleaning tools, a pad of paper and a pen.

A portable Flash and spare some different ISO film. Shutter release cable for fixed in tripod camera shutter and avoid camera movement. Filter: lens UV absorption installed a filter, the lens has a protective effect. Coloured filters for black and white film or color film special effects.

Pixels and CCD

While digital cameras popular speed is too fast, but for digital cameras really know very little of it. Thanks go to stores and dealers in communication, there are many natural and ordinary consumers face-to-face opportunities. "Trouble, here are 8 Megapixels digital camera?" and "How did you hear about 300 million pixels, so machine-beat out photo effect is very poor," "

While digital cameras popular speed is too fast, but for digital cameras really know very little of it.

Thanks go to stores and dealers in communication, there are many natural and ordinary consumers face-to-face opportunities.

"Trouble, here are 8 Megapixels digital camera?"

"How did you hear about 300 million pixels, so machine-beat out photo effect is very poor."

"I just buy a good digital camera picture quality, 500 million following you don't give me up"

In fact, these are just some of the more I elected a classic example, due to the consumer for the misunderstanding of understanding pixels, so easy to picture quality and pixels, illusion that high pixel, take photographs, but it is not always clear.

For consumer-level digital cameras, with particular emphasis on price/performance of home-digital cameras, if you blindly pursuing high pixel, you are likely to damage the camera itself features, such as zoom, macro, or even the lens quality, single image, the picture quality of the fine and the camera, CCD, digital processing chip, and other parts have a relationship, especially the CCD sensor component is not what we expected, pixel, the more the picture quality is clear, on the contrary, if in CCD size the same, the higher the picture quality on the pixel, the less clear.

Next we give everybody from principle to score a few points about what is a CCD sensor components, pixel values how much is the most appropriate.

CCD?

CCD sensor is also called the charge-coupled device, it is a special kind of semiconductor materials, by a large number of independent photographic diode, arranged in accordance with the matrix in General, the equivalent of a traditional film camera.

At present, the type of CCD, CCD surface formation which is mainly used in digital cameras.

It is composed of many individual photographic diode array, consisting of a square, then the same as brick will build these photographic diode array to composition can output a certain resolution image of CCD sensor.

Its principle is to use the photographic imaging diode will convert the charge light, when the photographer af is complete press the shutter, light by opening the shutter (current consumer-level digital cameras, basic and are based on electronic shutter) through mosaic color into the CCD image sensor, sensitive diodes to accept photon impact after releasing electrons, the number of the electronics and the PC diode sensing proportional to light.

When the exposure is finished, each sensitive diodes with a different number of e-mail, and we can see in the video above is the digital image by the number of electrons and to represent and store, and then control circuit reads from CCD image, red R, green g, and blue B color synthesis, and zoom in and it is digital, the digital signal is deposited digital camera cache, and finally write the camera mobile storage media complete digital photo shoot. (Due to CCD technology is developing rapidly, the principle only applies at present most of the consumer-level digital cameras, like the Sony super HAD CCD 4color etc works are not the same)

[1] [2] [3] next page

SUPER CCD really magic?

SuperCCD is Fuji original a CCD technology has been developed to the fifth generation of SuperCCD.

The CCD technology and earlier standard CCD the biggest different is that it has changed the matrix CCD synthesis of the four primary colors-point one pixel point of principle, the Octagon for the construction and continuous flow of geometry, the honeycomb structure of the photographic unit can better take advantage of the CCD surface space in pixel is equal to get more information.

It should be said, using the SUPER CCD technique of Fuji camera indeed in picture quality than ordinary CCD camera great, especially in color, the performance outstanding.

But since the Fuji introduced this technology, the actual pixel and the maximum output of disagreement between the pixel is not stopped, especially in the midrange S602 and product¡¡ S7000 above reflect the more prominent, S7000 interpolation outputs can produce 1230 megapixels, but its actual pixels only reaches 600 million.

Popular photography terms-content-more

This article primarily describes common some photography terms, such as shutter speed, Aperture, focal length, shutter depth depth of field preview camera common English symbols, etc.

Focal length (Focal length) is basically a central point from the lens to the film plane (other photographic materials) on the clear distance between images.

Focal length of the unit is usually used mm (millimeter) to indicate that a lens is generally marked in front of the lens, such as 50mm (this is commonly referred to as "standard lens", means for 35), 28-70mm (our most popular lens), 70-210mm (telephoto lens). Aperture (Aperture) is used to control the camera light on the size of the device. A large aperture, the amount of light entering the camera will be doubled, reduce the amount of light when the aperture will be halved, aperture size using the F values to indicate that the sequence is as follows: 1, f/f/1.4, f/2, f/f/4, 2.8, f/f/8, 5.6, f/11, f/16, f/22 and f/32, 44, f/f/64 (the smaller the f value, Aperture larger) shutter (Shutter) is used to control the exposure duration of the device. Shutter in General can be divided into microscopic point plane between the shutter and the shutter curtain (that is, people often mentioned sheet steel shutter). Shutter speed shutter opening time. It is a light film of time sweep (exposure time). For example, "1/30" means the exposure time of 1/30 second, equally, "1/60" means the exposure time of 1/60 sec, 1/60-second shutter speed is 1/30 sec shutter speed. Rest and so on. Depth (Depth of field) when an object aggregation clear, from the object in front of a distance to the back of a distance are quite clear. The focus is quite clear that the distance from front to back is called depth of field. About depth of field of some description: the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field. The larger the aperture, the smaller the depth of field. For any aperture, its focus is the focus of the depth of field is approximately 2 times the front depth of field. The shorter the focal length of the lens, the greater the depth of field; the longer the focal length of the lens, the smaller the depth of field. Depth of field preview (Depth of field preview) because in the view through the viewfinder, in order to be able to on the brightest possible image composition and aggregation, the lens will always be open to the maximum aperture, so that the maximum aperture is always render the most shallow depth of field. In order to get to see the actual depth of field, the camera offers the depth of field Preview button, press the button, the aperture to the selected size, see the scenes and after shooting the film (memory card) to record scenes. Speed represents the speed of the PC of photographic materials. Speed units of "degrees" or "fixed", as "ISO100/21" represents the speed to 100 ° c/21 of film. The higher the speed, the more sensitive film (in the same shooting environment normal shooting the same picture needs less light, its performance is to use higher shutter or smaller aperture). 200 degrees of sensitivity of the film emulsion is 100 ° film twice, 400 degrees of film sensitivity is 200 ° film 2 times, rest and so on. Color temperature varying light contains different pigment called "color temperature". The color temperature of the unit for the "K" (Kelvin). We usually use daylight color negatives can adapt the color temperature to 5400K-5600K; lighting-type A, type b can adapt the color temperature 3200K 3400K and respectively. Therefore, we should, according to the subject, environment to select different types of film, or a partial color phenomenon (unless used filter corrects color temperature). Report: color temperature is defined as a "hypothetical, so that it is in black metal minus 273 ° c (absolute zero) environment, as the temperature, the black metal emits different wavelengths of light, the light that metal temperature plus 273 is such a light color temperature". For example, the metal is heated to 25 ° c, the metal has issued a red light, the red light of color temperature is "2500 + 273 K, meaning" the red light of color temperature is 2773K. Lower color temperature, long wavelength of light (red, Orange, light), the higher the percentage content; the higher the colour temperature, the shorter wavelengths of light (light blue, violet), the higher the percentage content. For example: noon daylight color temperature is about the color temperature 5500K; Flash is about 5600K; blue sky color temperature of about 100 Watts normal 20000K; bulb light color temperature is approximately 2600K. White balance due to different light conditions of different spectral characteristics, shoot photos often partial color, for example, in fluorescent blue is partial, the incandescent lamp is yellowish, etc. In order to eliminate or mitigate such color cast, digital cameras and camcorders under different light conditions to adjust color settings for the photo color distortion as possible, make the color restore correctly. Because this regulation often white, therefore calls the white balance.

Understanding digital camera--automatic speed article (ISO Auto)

In specific cases, the photographer needs to set the camera exposure, according to shooting a subject and composition, and other select the aperture and shutter speed combination. When the light quantity changes, for example games evening illumination using flood lights, the photographer must change the aperture or shutter speed to get the perfect shot. You can also choose another way, that is, change the negative speed (you can manually change

In specific cases, the photographer needs to set the camera exposure, according to shooting a subject and composition, and other select the aperture and shutter speed combination.

When the light quantity changes, for example games evening illumination using flood lights, the photographer must change the aperture or shutter speed to get the perfect shot. You can also choose another way, that is, change the negative speed (you can manually change the digital camera's electronic system sensitivity), equivalent to use faster type of film (assuming that reduces the amount of light). However, this ISO AUTO feature allows the camera to automatically change the ISO setting, so photographers can simply set the aperture and shutter speed, and then let the camera up or down (grade 4) sensor sensitivity.

This feature in the personal settings menu, you can open and close the menu.

When you change the speed camera, the camera viewfinder in direction will Flash, the camera displays the mode (M, A, S or P), for example monocular camera series camera displays the [AUTO] and [ISO A]. If you have adjusted the user select the ISO value, the image viewing camera information, this value appears in red. Speed control in the camera's ISO range.

Although users often only in manual and shutter speed priority mode see Auto ISO, but in fact Auto ISO is available for following all the exposure mode.

When you activate Auto ISO, [Auto] will be displayed in ISO image capture information in.

Manual

In manual mode, the exposure settings (aperture and shutter speed) will be fixed by the user, when the exposure/light status changes, Auto ISO will change the ISO.

Note: If in manual exposure mode using Auto ISO feature, when the shutter speed or aperture at 4-level scope changes, the camera's electronic analog exposure display will continue to indicate the correct exposure. This is because the Auto ISO system will increase/decrease the ISO setting to keep the user set the correct exposure.

Shutter Priority AE

The shutter speed priority mode, the shutter speed set by the user, and the aperture from the camera.

If you change the exposure conditions, aperture will change according to need. If you get the right exposure the desired aperture beyond the range of the lens aperture, Auto ISO will increase speed.

Aperture priority

In Aperture priority mode, aperture value set by the user, and the shutter speed is determined by the camera.

If the exposure condition changes, and obtain the correct exposure the desired shutter speed out of your camera's shutter speed range, Auto ISO will increase speed. Note: because D-SLR camera shutter speed range is very large, so in normal circumstances are rarely out of the camera's shutter speed range. When you use a smaller aperture settings (such as F11) or in very bright conditions, select a higher ISO, Auto ISO will only be able to light a darker environment.

D70 allows the user to select the shutter speed, and Auto ISO can shutter speed through the Auto ISO menu improve darker light environment in ISO/ISO.

Program

In the program, automatic or digital pluralism shooting mode, Aperture and shutter speed values set by the camera.

When the exposure condition is changed, the camera will change the shutter speed and aperture to get the correct exposure. When you get the right exposure the desired shutter speed out of your camera's shutter speed range and can no longer adjust to aperture, Auto ISO film speed will increase proportionally.

Note: because D-SLR camera shutter speed range is very large, so programs, automatic or digital pluralism shooting mode Auto ISO will only in Dim environments, or in very bright conditions, select a higher ISO value.

D70 allows the user to select the shutter speed, and Auto ISO can shutter speed through the Auto ISO menu improve darker light environment in ISO/ISO.

In the following scenario, the Auto ISO will not be able to use

In the D100 and D2 series, if speed is [Hi-1] or [Hi-2], ISO Auto will not be able to open.

Similarly, if ISO Auto is ON (open), you cannot select [Hi-1] or [Hi-2]. If you open the ISO Auto, ISO when using Flash will use the user selects a fixed value.

Note: the higher the speed, the noise in the image.

Interpretation of digital camera-white balance article (White Balance)

Many people with balance concept is not very clear, I do not know how to correctly set the adjustment, beginning with a digital camera that many people colour photographs. If you want to truly master understanding white balance, we take a look at the following concepts. Color temperature this concept is an important field of photography, but have a lot of photography enthusiasts don't know its true meaning. In

Many people with balance concept is not very clear, I do not know how to correctly set the adjustment, beginning with a digital camera that many people colour photographs.

If you want to truly master understanding white balance, we take a look at the following concepts. Color temperature this concept is an important field of photography, but have a lot of photography enthusiasts don't know its true meaning. In general the reader's eye, colour and temperature are wind horses of different areas in photography, light always according to their color temperature to define. Color temperature is Kelvin. And Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin is the temperature of a unit of measure. Color and Kelvin temperature blackbody radiation originating from the body (it is heated until it glows) at different temperatures rendering of color is the color temperature. When the black body heat when you begin to glow becomes a dark red, if you continue heating becomes yellow and white, and finally becomes blue. This color temperature phenomena in daily life are very common, and believe that everyone is familiar to it. Cloudless blue sky color temperature of about 10000K, cloudy approximately 7000-9000K, sunny sunlight under 6000K color temperature is about, fluorescent color temperature of about 4500 K, tungsten color temperature of about 2600K, sunrise or sunset of color temperature of about 2000K, candle light of color temperature of about 1000K.

Color temperature for a digital camera, is the white balance, which is a lot of photography lovers more headaches.

In a variety of lighting situations, objectives of color will change. In this context, the white object change is obvious: in indoor light, tungsten light, white objects will look with orange tints, this illumination shooting scenes are yellowish; but if you are in the blue sky, with a blue tint. In such an illumination shooting scenes will too blue.

Now that digital cameras have the white balance sensor, generally located at the bottom of the camera.

White balance body will attempt to put white made into pure white. If this is the brightest portion, it will strengthen the yellow and blue, to reduce the screen of the yellow color to find more natural colors. The camera as long as the film white objects correctly restore objects white, can the same lighting conditions correctly restore objects of other colors.

Now digital camera white balance adjustments usually have 4-5 model, because the manufacturers of slightly, but the difference was not significant.

In Canon's digital camera, generally consists of automatic, manual, outdoor, indoor, etc. In the outdoor mode, the camera's white balance function will enhance the image of yellow, and when you're in the sunny outdoor shooting, you can set the white balance function in outdoor mode; if you mistakenly set indoors pattern, white objects will appear in blue color. In indoor mode, the camera's white balance function will enhance the image of the blue, in the light of indoor tungsten bulb, you can set when shooting indoors. If you mistakenly set the white balance in outdoor mode, screen color will become too yellow.

Indoor and outdoor mode that is specific to the sunny sunshine time outdoor and used about tungsten bulb 60W of indoor lighting, both representative light tones of white balance adjustment, and do not represent the full range of indoor and outdoor environment of white balance adjustment, do not possess common sense.

Therefore in some special color temperature setting, or adjust the white balance manually.

Beyond the automatic white balance adjustment range of lighting conditions, will be filming the light source under the manual white balance adjustment.

Manually adjustable front need to find a white reference, such as pure white paper — the kind of thing, with lens alignment it is filled with the camera viewfinder, adjust the manual white balance (different machine adjustment method, you can refer to instruction, usually hold the manual white balance button 1-2 seconds after the prompt), some cameras equipped with white lens cap, so long as the lid white lens cap can be white balance adjustment. Note that must be taken to spot light.

The procedure is as follows:

The camera zoom lens to the maximum wide angle (short focal position); white lens cap (or white) cover the lens with the strict; white balance to manual position; the lens alignment of the clear sky, be careful not to direct sun, closer to the lens until the entire screen white; press the white balance adjustment buttons until you find like reader manual white balance symbol stops flashing, then adjust the white balance manually.

Manually adjust the white balance you can get some special effects, such as: shooting red sunset, on the blue reference manually adjust white balance, you can take out full of warm atmosphere of the picture.

But if the camera's white balance setting on the auto position, the camera will sunset warm color temperature misjudgment into indoor, thus compensating the blue screen and reduce red, sunset atmosphere full of warmth. In contrast to the Red reference manually adjust white balance, you can take out the cold tones of blue.

Sigma Foveon X3 principles of three-tier PC

Full color images of FOVEON X3 sensor chip is in the various types of digital cameras, the first and only full-color images of the intake system. Contains three-tier distribution arrangement with pixel (Pixel) images color cast measuring chip (SI), the image of the shade by sensing body, different colors of light spectrum, the direct head is located in the FOVEON X3 imaging chip, according to the different wave frequency, absorbed in different depth

Full color images of FOVEON X3 sensor chip is in the various types of digital cameras, the first and only full-color images of the intake system.

Contains three-tier distribution arrangement with pixel (Pixel) images color cast measuring chip (SI), the image of the shade by sensing body, different colors of light spectrum, the direct head is located in the FOVEON X3 imaging chip, according to the different wave frequency, absorbed in different depth level sensing body. Formation of 3 layers of red, green and blue color layer to ensure 100% RGB light is admitted without computer simulation of interpolation. By comparison with the traditional sensor lenses, shot better: color granularity higher, less artificial colors and image sharpness strong 3 times. SIGMA SD10 digital SLR-unique FOVEON X3 1,029 full color image sensing million chips; the image of each pixel is more sophisticated, full-color more realistic and sharper resolution, absolute is outside the traditional CCD or CMOS and other sensor chip. So when you in different circumstances, have access to detailed images of colorful photos.

SIGMA SD10 differentiators, is both accurately taking 100% red, blue, green (RGB) color light.

But the traditional CCD and CMOS single is a single photosensitive layer by mosaic (Mosaic) fliter taking shade, each and every pixel (Pixel) can only record one of the primary colors of light (red or blue or green), the other two primary colors of light reflection and wastage caused only blank, fill the blank address by computer simulation of interpolation not true of false positives. Tone-led color distortion, computer noise, insufficient resolution. But the FOVEON sensor full color image X3 chip can simultaneously capture RGB light for each pixel in the image, ensure that color and truthfully make show. Therefore, the SIGMA SD10 is in the same picture in the effect is three times the other brands of digital cameras, SD10 have 1,370 painting of supernatural power.

Traditional single CCD/CMOS sensor, is the use of color filter (color filter), each picture in the induction of different colors, and then apply these colors into a valid picture.

Traditional image sensing modalities, in a single photosensitive layer must pick the three RGB light, therefore, it is designed to be arranged, mosaic-the end result is that the Green light to capture 50% of the amount of light, the Red and Blue 25% of the amount of light to capture. Each picture in the induction of different colors, and then through the math to color simulation into image, the effect is greatly reduced. Sigma SD10 due to discard the irregular distribution of color filter (mosaic color filter), the image will be sharper. And its effective art-more than the original design of 343 million pictures in a resolution of more than three times. FOVEON X3 three photosensitive layer, in different depth capture RGB light, so you can ensure that only retrieve RGB color is 100%. Tiered photosensitive will have several key advantages, for example, more fresh, sharp, color detail increases, you can avoid unnecessary striatum effect ... And so on.

Presented in the Foveon x technology, allowing electronic technology successfully imitate true negatives of colour theory, according to the wavelength of light absorption by colour, the corresponding old mosaic technology a picture of one color only induction-red and blue light only capture 25%, the green light to capture 50% of the defects of the same painting X3 sensors can be in three different colors, greatly improves image quality and color performance.

There is also a characteristic X3, support more powerful computing technology VPS (Variable Pixel Aize), a similar level of vertical SuperCCD III operations consolidation, also through the Group art of mix to reach. You can achieve ultra-high X3 ISO value (must be subtracted resolution), as well as high-speed VGA recording picture rate. Simply put, X3 separations for RGB colors are configured with a 3-layer sensor, with a single picture in original identification 3 color, thus bridging the digital camera often pseudo color phenomenon.

The 7 megapixel camera what advantages?

Recently, the compact digital cameras have also introduced a 700 MB contributory. However, I think the 7 megapixels is too high, it seems unnecessary. I ask, what are the advantages the 7 megapixels? now even small and lightweight digital cameras also took 700 megapixel era. However, as you ask, the 7 megapixels really necessary? pixels less digital camera prices also phase

Recently, the compact digital cameras have also introduced a 700 MB contributory.

However, I think the 7 megapixels is too high, it seems unnecessary. I ask, what are the advantages the 7 megapixels?

Now even small and lightweight digital cameras also took 700 megapixel era.

However, as you ask, the 7 megapixels really necessary? pixels less digital camera price is the lower. "Can reduce pixels, so that the camera cheaper"--If you think it is also understandable. Next, we'll take a look at 700 m pixel image at what time can come in handy.

The number of pixels by impact print size.

High-megapixel digital camera capable of shooting image size larger photos. The larger the image size, you can print to the larger sizes of paper. Even if it is part of the image cropped down to print, can be printed as a fine result. However, it was generally believed that "for L-size paper, 130 megapixel image is sufficient". This is why?

Print fine effect depends on the "DPI (dots per inch)" this index.

For a printer, it represents the "many points can be printed. The higher the number the more precise printing results. In General, more than the prints precision 300dpi, basically there is no problem. As for the latest inkjet printer, as long as we can get enough 200dpi pretty print effects.

Calculation of the desired image size

Here, we calculate to 200dpi print the desired image size.

The calculation formula is 【 the image dimensions (width/height) 】 = 【 print size (width/height) cm 】 ÷ 【 2.54 】 × 【 dpi 】. The reason is that by dividing 2.54 will be carried out with the cm units in inches (1 inch = 2.54cm). The data to be substituted into the formula, you will come to 200dpi in L-size paper (12.7 × 8.9cm) when printing on the desired image size is 1000 x 701 pixels. Due to the mega-image resolution is 1280 × 960 pixels, so that "L size, 130 Megapixels is enough". So, if you are A4 size (29.7 × 21cm) print? use the same calculation to know that you want to print need 200dpi 2339 x 1654 pixels. In this way, 400 megapixel image is sufficient. Therefore, the 7 megapixels (3072 × 2304), nature is a bit high.

7 megapixels-big size images can play a role of occasions is part of the image to be enlarged print.

Please see the following figure. 7 megapixels, respectively, preparing and 400 megapixel 2 images that will cut out the middle section, the print to the printer paper size L. If you are cut out 700 megapixels, the component is unable to print, the effect 200dpi is very beautiful. And 400 pixel image can be printed, 200dpi following effects seem a bit rough. Collective license and cannot zoom shot, hope will be a part of the image to enlarge the print, the 7 megapixels you can come in handy.

The Conference will be a part of the image down to print, the more pixels, the better the effect

Ready to 700 megapixels and 400 megapixel 2 images, respectively the intermediate dog Photo CD down after printing to L size paper.

From 700 megapixel image on the CD off to 200dpi granularity print to L size paper, so the effect was very good. But megapixels, as the resolution is insufficient, the printed results becomes rough.

FUJIFILM exclusive Super CCD and General comparison traditional CCD

To purchase a FUJIFILM digital camera a lot of friends has a doubt is the SUPER CCD and generally have a CCD and different, especially the SUPER CCD with ultra-high output painting pigment, this ultra high art and some use software plug points differ, today we are going to introduce you to these two PC components. First SUPER CCD output picture-not use virtual or

To purchase a FUJIFILM digital camera a lot of friends has a doubt is the SUPER CCD and generally have a CCD and different, especially the SUPER CCD with ultra-high output painting pigment, this ultra high art and some use software plug points differ, today we are going to introduce you to these two PC components.

First SUPER CCD output picture-not use virtual or software plug point, many traditional shops as for the structure of the SUPER CCD does not understand that in order to save explanation or don't know, so I'll tell you what is virtual, it is not a general use virtual or software plug point a digital camera can match.

1. a light area

Traditional CCD Super CCDSuper CCD optical area is approximately equal to traditional CCD optical area 2 x principle: Super CCD sensor diode Control signal path (control signal channel) took off 1 Super CCD sensor diode light an area equal to 2 traditional CCD area affected by light.

Traditional CCD super CCD

2. the light efficiency Fuji Super CCD sensor with unique octagonal diode, digital camera lens is circular, octagonal Super CCD as closer to the circle, so the light efficiency than traditional CCD high square, can effectively guarantee the quality of digital images and photographic images added to balance sensitivity, the more of images and also dramatic effects can improve sexual noise ratio, increasing the image resolution, image fidelity and clarity.

As the third-generation Super CCD sensor, its performance with greater improvement and advancement, but also makes this sensor digital cameras on the market with a strong competitive strength.

3. the arrangement CCD alignment rotate 45 degrees, which increase 60% resolution for the human eye's perception, the same number of photosensitive diode rotate 45 degrees of the arrangement will increase than square arrangement (5-3)/3 = 67%.

Traditional CCD hierarchy (gradation) less traditional CCD color sampling only 24 BitSuper CCD hierarchy (order transfer) is the traditional CCD 4096 x Super CCD color sampling, up to 36 Bit

The advantages of 4.SUPER CCD

A, image quality reference noise reduction (meter noise ratio lifting 130%), the image noise is a transport channel in resistors, Super CCD of light area increase, that is, each picture element (pixel) of the charge (charge), signalling increased, so (signal + noise)/noise = hearing noise ratio lifting 130%

B, smoother animation quality

Understanding digital zoom and the optical zoom

Talk about 「introduction lens, lens focal length 」 is a camera shot of one of the most important characteristics, in order to allow traditional photographers easily understand consumer-level digital camera lens of significance, we are often converted into equivalent focal length 135 camera. 「Cold lens 」 refers to parallel rays after passing through the lens, the focal point of the collection to the distance between the lens. Basically, if it is

Talk about 「introduction lens, lens focal length 」 is a camera shot of one of the most important characteristics, in order to allow traditional photographers easily understand consumer-level digital camera lens of significance, we are often converted into equivalent focal length 135 camera.

「Cold lens 」 refers to parallel rays after passing through the lens, the focal point of the collection to the distance between the lens. Basically, if it is the position of the camera body, lens focal length and objects using the magnification will render a proportional relationship.

Namely: magnification = image size/absorbed body size optical zoom

So, like the Nikon CoolPix 990 digital camera lens focal length is 38 mm-115mm (the equivalent of 135 camera), we would say that it is 3X of optical zoom, meant that the original lens for 38 mm, a lens system with telescopic changes, the maximum you can adjust the lens focus to 115mm.

At the same shooting distance, you will be taken three times the volume amplification.

Digital zoom digital cameras today have evolved into a small computer with operating system in General, internal, you can do one of the established procedures.

Through the firmware on the program's calculus and optical systems, we can be taken in making local amplification to interpolation mode simulation out Optical Zoom effect. 「Cold digital zoom 」 will wear out image quality, in the General conditions of shooting, we do not recommend using 「introduction digital zoom 」. But we also know 「introduction poor photo 」 than 「introduction no photo 」, in certain special circumstances, we will spend 「introduction digital zoom 」.

Optical zoom VS digital zoom optical zoom of the image quality is better than digital zoom, please try to take the optical zoom function.

Optical zoom and digital zoom calculation: If a camera's optical zoom as 3X, digital zoom for 4X, the camera combined with optical zoom and digital zoom function, you can reach the enlarged capacity 12X (though ... This is not very practical).

Fixed focus and zoom no matter what factories camera, 「introduction zoom 」 features the same will result in the loss of image quality, therefore, a sibling of a digital camera/lens system, lens 「introduction focusing 」 taken as a result, should be better than lenses 「business zoom 」 also sharp!, on the other hand, the lenses 「business focusing 」 easier design, lower cost, but in the composition, no 「introduction zoom 」 lens so convenient.

Increasing distance lenses for the same reason, 「introduction increase from microscopic 」 usage increased amplification rate, may result in image quality decreases, in General, we recommend users to try not to use more than 2X of 「introduction increase from microscopic 」.

However, the use of 「introduction increase from microscopic 」, the effect will still be better than 「introduction digital zoom 」.

Optical anti-shake and nature anti-shake comparison

Why use anti-shake has just started to use digital camera friends often encounter problems: your own shooting out of the picture is not clear enough, always occur ghosting or fuzzy. This is why? in addition to the occasional loss of focus (that is, the camera fails to correctly focus), largely because of the shutter speed is too low. In General, in the handheld, shooting to the Qing dynasty

Why use anti-shake

Just started to use digital camera friends often encounter problems: your own shooting out of the picture is not clear enough, always occur ghosting or fuzzy.

This is why? in addition to the occasional loss of focus (that is, the camera fails to correctly focus), largely because of the shutter speed is too low. In General, in the handheld, shooting to clear photos of shutter speed should reach the focal distance countdown or even higher.

In actual shooting, the photographer's hand in film or CCD/CMOS photographic process of jitter is objective and existent, prevention is prevention, can only rely on the machine's special "anti-shake" function to decrease as the photographer's hand jitter caused by image blur.

Anti-shake technology analysis

Currently, anti-shake three types: optical anti-shake, sensor (CCD) anti-shake, natural anti-shake (ISO anti-shake).

Optical anti-shake is dependent on the lens of the gyroscope detects tiny mobile and will signal transmission to the microprocessor immediately evaluated need compensation of displacement, and then through the lens group, under the direction of the camera jitter and displacement quantity to be compensated, thereby effectively circumvent the camera vibration generated image blur.

Photoreceptor anti-shake CCD principle is — the anti-shake is housed in a CCD can move around on the bracket of the first detect whether dithering, and sensors detect dithered direction, speed, move the volume ...

Detection of signal processing to calculate can offset jitter of CCD amount to achieve the anti-shake is moved.

The above principle of two anti-shake is similar, namely through the camera's internal staff of mechanical movement to compensate jitter to achieve the anti-shake effect.

At the same time, the anti-shake technology will result in lower Imaging sharpness. After all, the speck much floating lenses, which require high photographic enthusiasts, it is not good; so this is why the anti-shake system will have a switch, users can select Cancel or turn the anti-shake; plus the anti-shake system is very low, so you generally do not open the anti-shake switch, but only when you want to use to open, if instant capture moving objects that may be because many of these steps and missed opportunity.

Natural anti-shake is ISO anti-shake.

His research interests at the time of the adoption of genuine e-mail. That is, increase the ISO, shutter speed reached anti-shake.

Because the camera has a security shutter (that is, ensure that the image is not blurry shutter speed), the general sense of security shutter speed to 1/60 second, lower than the shutter speed is likely to be photographed image blur.

Suppose that in the same scene under the same display, the exposure is the same (same screen environment definitely identical exposure no doubt), if the aperture unchanged, if ISO improves, inevitably lead to shutter speed so that the original did not reach the security shutter shutter speed, ISO increase of cases it is possible to reach even more than security shutter, natural anti-shake is achieved through such a tad better. The anti-shake effect compared to the other two anti-shake effect even have gone.

Anti-shake optical anti-shake VS nature

Test conditions

Let's choose a price equivalent, with optical anti-shake function of other brand camera (A) and a digital camera with natural anti-shake (hereinafter B) do the comparison, in the same fluorescent circumstances, adopt the following props, can swing to the left is the "head" on the right you can move the "platform", in the same frequency shaking, I made the following three conditions test: the camera moved

JPEG image format

JPEG image format JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is the most common digital image formats. .JPEG wide range of application, including the world wide web browser, image processing software and so on. .JPEG format used in digital camera photos, it can compress the photo file size to 10% to 20%. .Compared to the original uncompressed image, JPEG image format <P> </ P> <P> JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is the most common digital image formats. .JPEG wide range of application, including the world wide web browser, image processing software and so on. .JPEG format used in digital camera photos, it can compress the photo file size to 10% to 20%. .Compared to the original uncompressed image, JPEG image quality degradation and loss of detail is not obvious. .</ P> <P> theoretical summary </ P> <P> In short, JPEG the image information (color and other details) to re-schedule, which compressed the color details of the degree of compression than the large, because our eyes on .details of the change in the color change than the high degree of sensitivity. .Then, JPEG to the details of the information classified as meticulous details and coarse detail. .As our eyes on the rough details of the changes in more sensitive, so fine details will be discarded. .JPEG is through a complex series of mathematical operations and the compression method, without serious damage to the case of quality, compressed image size. .The more complicated mathematics and compression methods, without knowledge of the reader may feel that obscure, so we did not in the glossary which records the content. .Interested readers can refer to a more professional image processing books and articles. .</ P> <P> instance </ P> <P> JPEG image file size and image quality between a good balance. .JPEG compressed image, the image processing is divided into one square area, area size is 64 pixels (8 x 8), each region is independent compression. .In the case of small degree of compression, the edge of each region there is a "hair-like" unnatural signs; when the compression level increases, more and more obvious of these signs, we can even see and distinguish the various regions. .Detailed Look at the example of the magnification factor of these pictures is 2. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> 100% quality compressed JPEG image is difficult to distinguish between the original image, but the original JPEG image file size is only 1 / 6. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> 80% quality compressed JPEG image quality is still good (remember, after twice the figure is the enlarged image), and its file size is only .the original file to 1 / 10. .Please note that the yellow crayon in the edge of the screen a bit fuzzy fade. .Most digital cameras to provide users the option to JPEG compression level, of which "the highest-quality JPEG" quality level is often higher than 80%. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> 60% quality compressed JPEG images. .If the reader to look carefully, you will find JPEG compression between the regional and unnatural "hair-like" compression marks. .While the quality decreased, but 60% of the quality of the JPEG compression has been used for the page is enough. .Its size is the original file size of 1 / 20. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> 10% quality compressed JPEG images, JPEG compression area is clearly visible, image quality decreased significantly. .This low-quality JPEG images only use is to allow us to understand principles of JPEG compression (high quality JPEG compression is difficult to see the area), and of course we would not normally compress the image so powerful. .</ P> <P> practical tips </ P> <P> <1> we edit images, it is best to "middle image" (for example, TIFF, PSP and PSD, etc.) stored for later .use. .If you save an image directly to the JPEG format, and then the file is closed, then open to the same compression quality setting the image then save the image does not become a ... ... a small, but the image quality will decline further. .Therefore, we should be processing the image, fishes pictures to be compressed. .</ P> <P> <2> Digital cameras usually have quality JPEG compression options, such as fine, medium, basic ... ... unless you shoot with RAW or TIFF format, or use the best quality setting. .Some digital cameras, even if choosing the best quality compression, it is still very high degree of image compression. .</ P> <P> Reference: <U> RAW image format </ U> <U> TIFF image format.

Interpolation (Interpolation).

Interpolation (Interpolation / resampling) is an image processing method, which can increase or decrease the digital image pixel number. .Some digital cameras use to create a pixel interpolation method to produce than the actual pixel multi-sensor images, or create images generated by digital zoom. .In fact, almost all of the image processing software to support one or more interpolation. .<P> Interpolation (Interpolation / resampling) is an image processing method, which can increase or decrease the digital image pixel number. .Some digital cameras use to create a pixel interpolation method to produce than the actual pixel multi-sensor images, or create images generated by digital zoom. .In fact, almost all of the image processing software to support one or more interpolation. .Aliasing enlarged image directly reflects the strength of interpolation image processor maturity. .</ P> <P> The following example is a 106 * 40 450% image magnification as the effect of: </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> closest to the principle of interpolation (Nearest Neighbor Interpolation .) </ P> <P> closest to the principle of interpolation is the simplest interpolation method, which is the nature of amplification pixels. .New image is the original image pixel color and location of the nearest pixel to create the pixel color. .If the original image enlarged 200%, one pixel will be enlarged into a (2 * 2) 4 and the original pixels of the same color pixels. .Most image browsing and editing software will use this enlarged digital image interpolation method, because it does not change the color of the original image information, and no anti-aliasing effect. .Similarly, in practice this method to enlarge the picture is not appropriate, because the interpolation will increase the visibility of jagged images. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> bilinear interpolation (Bilinear Interpolation) </ P> <P> in the bilinear interpolation, the new pixel value creation, is the original image .location in its vicinity (2 x -2) 4 are adjacent pixel value calculated by the weighted average. .The average algorithm put jagged effect, created an image with smooth edges, serrated difficult to detect. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> bi-cubic interpolation (Bicubic interpolation) </ P> <P> bi-cubic interpolation is a more complex interpolation methods, it can create more than double .linear interpolation smoother edges. .The reader is aware of the eyelashes under the part of the figure, in this place, the software created by bi-cubic interpolation of a pixel, and this pixel value is determined by its nearby (4 x 4) were derived from the neighboring pixel values ., and therefore higher precision. .Bicubic interpolation method is usually used in the part of the image processing software, printer drivers and digital cameras, the original image or the original image to zoom in some areas. .Adobe Photoshop CS offers a more user double-cubic interpolation of two different methods: bicubic interpolation bicubic interpolation smoothing and sharpening. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> bi-cubic interpolation </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> (1) bi-cubic interpolation smoothing (2 .) ordinary two-cubic interpolation (3) bi-cubic interpolation sharpening </ P> <P> fractal interpolation (Fractal interpolation) </ P> <P> fractal interpolation is often used in image magnification is .Great situation (such as to produce a substantial print). .It enables enlarged image in terms of shape, edge and color, closer to the original image, and reduce the blurring of photos, better than bicubic interpolation method even better. .The figure on the reader can compare the above picture, you know interpolation fractal of the advantages of: </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P>, of course, in addition to the four interpolation methods but .There are other interpolation methods. .However, other interpolation methods are not commonly used, but they require more complex and sophisticated image processing (enlarge) technical support. .As non-professionals, we can not have these technologies..

Dynamic Range (Dynamic Range).

The dynamic range of the sensor dynamic range that included the image from the "darkest" to the "brightest" of the range. .Larger dynamic range, can say the level of the more abundant, contained in the more wide color space. .As shown below: the greater the dynamic range of the camera, it can also record the shadow detail and highlight the details of the more abundant. .Note to reader, dynamic range and tonal range (ton <P> sensor dynamic range </ P> <P> dynamic range that included the image from the "most secret" to "the brightest" of the range. Dynamic range greater .beyond the level that the richer the color space is also included in the more widely. as shown below: </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> greater dynamic range of the camera, it can also record .The shadow detail and highlight detail richer. Please readers, dynamic range and tonal range (tonal range) is different. </ P> <P> dynamic range images </ P> <P> when we use JPEG format .picture, the camera image processor will be a strong difference between light and dark image information recorded tone curve. In this process, often eliminating the need for the processor as part of RAW data, the shadow detail and highlight detail. RAW format to maintain the digital image .sensor's dynamic range, and allows the user to a suitable dynamic range and tone curve compression tonal range, so that output to display or print the photos came out, appropriate dynamic range for viewing. in the tonal range of topics, we introduce .an extreme example. From this example we can see in the 32-bit floating point images, large dynamic range and tonal range is to be compressed. </ P> <P> pixel size and dynamic range </ P .> <P> see this place, I believe that readers should be clear: the digital camera sensor is composed of hundreds of millions of pixels, these pixels in the sensors absorb photons during the exposure, converted into digital signals, and imaging. .This process took millions as we go outside to collect rainwater buckets. more light sensitive area, the amount of photons collected more natural. the sensor to light, each pixel sensor in accordance with the different amount of collected photons, given they are not continuous .value, converted to digital signals (for details see the front of the AD converter). there is no absorption of photons and the absorption of photons to the full pixel values are "0" and "255", which represents pure black and pure white. The figure .only 16 pixel sensor, the sensor pixels can be rapidly absorbed photons during the exposure. </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P> Once these pixels loaded, the photon will overflow. Overflow .will lead to information (details) loss to red, for example, high light spill so full of the red pixel values of other nearby pixels have become 255, but in fact they did not reach the true value of 255. In other words, the picture .details of a loss. in the histogram part we have already mentioned some of this will result in the high light information is missing. On the other hand, if we reduce the high light exposure time to prevent overflow, a lot of pixels used to describe the dark environment is not enough time .receiving photon volume, resulting pixel value is 0, so that it will lead to dark parts of the missing information. </ P> <P> Through the above description, we can now understand why the digital SLR will have a greater dynamic range. .The reason is simple: the larger the pixel digital SLR. not too big a pixel is "filled", so described in the dim light environment, the environment pixel pixel in the description "full" before, have more time to absorb .photon, the picture will be more rich detail. </ P> <P> example of the dynamic range </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> the dynamic range of the camera and scene dynamic range of basic .match. histogram shows that there is a wealth of photos highlight and shadow detail. </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> camera's dynamic range smaller than the dynamic range of the scene. histogram shows photos .missing highlight detail and shadow detail. </ P> <P align=center>.

Digital Zoom (Digital Zoom).

Optical zoom camera by the camera lens in the minimum and maximum focal length to choose between. .And quasi-professional consumer digital camera with digital zoom is often also the following, we had a 500 million pixel digital camera quasi-professional pictures are, for example, talk about the digital zoom. .A, with scenes shot in 31mm B, with a 50mm focal length lens to shoot the scene from the camera 31mm <P> optical zoom in the camera lens are the minimum and maximum focal length to choose between. .And quasi-professional consumer digital camera with digital zoom is often also the following, we had a 500 million pixel digital camera quasi-professional pictures are, for example, talk about the digital zoom. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> A, scenes shot with the 31mm lens </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> B, .with a 50mm lens shooting scenes </ P> <P> change the focal length from 31mm 50mm (50/31 = 1.6X optical zoom), we see pictures of the scene covered smaller. .In Figure B, the red box area is A scene graph. .In the two pictures, the camera will be 500 million pixels of photographic record of the 500 million pixels of information. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> C, 1.6 times digital zoom, the resolution dropped </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> .D, 1.6 times digital zoom The images </ P> <P> 1.6 times digital zoom the image will only be used after the 1,600 x 1,200 pixels of information, and discard the rest of the information (2,560 / 1.6 = 1,600 and 1,920 / 1.6 .= 1,200). .In Figure C, the size of the camera to capture the scene with the map A is the same, but Figure C is only used in 500 million to 200 million pixels pixels! .If the digital camera has a resolution of 1,600 x 1,200 of the shooting options, photographs will be saved as a 200 million pixel image. .So we see that through the digital zoom the map after the D, there are only 200 million pixel resolution, clarity has declined markedly. .In the digital zoom, the camera image processor does not create additional information, so the image quality Figure D Figure B was significantly lower than that. .</ P> <P> in the end whether we should use the digital zoom? .? .</ P> <P> Since the digital zoom through the image quality will be obvious after the drop, then we should also should not use it? .If your goal is to obtain the image information in Figure B, use the 50mm focal length of course is the best choice. .But if your camera is only 31mm (or if you have the optical zoom lever pulled the telephoto end, but you want to zoom even further), you can have the following three options: </ P> <P> <1> .; we recommend the practice of the digital zoom off to the highest pixel camera shooting, shooting and then as you need to repair the computer, to enlarge image. .</ P> <P> <2> If you have a 500 megapixel camera output 200 megapixel image option, put the digital zoom to open, use 1.6 times digital zoom. .1,600 x 1,200 resolution of the photos will be saved to memory card, and photos of this 200 million pixels to record a 200 million pixels of information. .</ P> <P> <3> We do not recommend using the most 1.6 times digital zoom, while the 500 million pixel output. .Because at that time not only takes up more memory card space, and adjust the latter part of output pictures is greatly reduced. .We can imagine: to 200 million pixels of information (Figure C) Zoom into a 500 million pixel images (Figure D), how bad effect. .</ P> <P> Finally, we should keep in mind when using digital zoom point: the digital zoom does not create camera can not capture the details, digital zoom imaging and imaging optical zoom can not be compared. .</ P>.

Image Compression (Compression).

There are two image file compression: lossless and lossy compression. .Lossless compression lossless compression effect similar to WinZip. .In the WinZip compression, if you put a file compressed into a Zip file, unzip and then re-open the original file, you will find the files after extracting the original file and with no difference. .In the process of compression and decompression and image files without any <P> There are two compression: lossless and lossy compression. .</ P> <P> lossless compression </ P> <P> WinZip lossless compression with similar results. .In the WinZip compression, if you put a file compressed into a Zip file, unzip and then re-open the original file, you will find the files after extracting the original file and with no difference. .In the process of compression and decompression, and no information is missing. .TIFF format, digital images will allow users to its lossless compression. .</ P> <P> lossy compression </ P> <P> lossy compression to reduce image size by discarding information (size), as the summary document preparation. .When you need a 10-page document prepared summaries, these summaries may account for only 9 or even one, who did not read the original documents from you to restore the original summary document, because you are in the process in the preparation of summary .has been discarded as part of the original file. .JPEG is a lossy compression image format. .</ P> <P> The following table shows a 500 million pixel images (2,560 x 1,920) the effect of different compression formats. .</ P> image format is usually file size (MB) Notes uncompressed TIFF14.13 channel, 8-bit uncompressed 12-bit RAW7.71 channel 12-bit lossless compressed TIFF6.0 12 RAW4.3 approximate compressed lossless compression .100% Quality JPEG2.3 and uncompressed image is difficult to distinguish between 80% Quality JPEG1.3 can handle 4 "x 6" print size of 60% Quality JPEG0.7 able to cope with network share 20% Quality JPEG0.2 poor quality .<! - Navigation Menu - ".

Color space (Color Spaces).

RGB additive method (Additive RGB Colors) cone cells in the human eye to red, green, blue (RGB) is most sensitive to three colors. .We are perceived by the other colors are three colors obtained by mixing different proportions. .Computer monitors emit red, green, and blue light mix to produce different colors. .For example, red and green mix to produce yellow; <P> RGB additive color (Additive RGB Colors) </ P> <P> cone cells in the human eye to red, green, blue (RGB) is most sensitive to three colors. .We are perceived by the other colors are three colors obtained by mixing different proportions. .Computer monitors emit red, green, and blue light mix to produce different colors. .For example, mixing red and green produce yellow; red, green and blue primary colors mixed produces white. .Look at the chart: </ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> RGB additive color </ P> <P> CMYk subtractive (Subtractive CMYk Colors) </ P> .<P> a print of their body fell through the reflection of light, indirectly, we can see its color. .For example, a yellow sheet of paper will absorb the white light (natural light) in the blue, red and green part of the reflection, which show yellow. .This approach directly with the display is red and green produce yellow light while the effect is very similar. .Printer through the blue (Cyan), Magenta (Magenta), Yellow (Yellow) ink mixed in different proportions to create other different colors. .CMYk the color combination and subtraction may produce black. .But in fact the printer will use black ink to enhance the effect of black. .Therefore, CMYk final "k" is to represent the black (black). .</ P> <P align=center> </ P> <P align=center> CMYk subtractive </ P> <P> LAB and Adobe RGB (1998) Color </ P> Due to technical constraints, displays and .printer and can not export our naked eyes can see all the colors, the color is LAB color. .Through the following diagram, we can see the horseshoe-shaped distribution of LAB color. .General computer monitors can observe the color is sRGB (add color) color printer output is CMYk (subtractive) color. .CMYk color there are various types, these types of equipment with the output vary. .<P> We can see the picture below, not all colors can be output from the monitor or printer. .Some high-end digital cameras allow users to Adobe RGB (1998) shooting mode, Adobe RGB color range than the sRGB and CMYk large. .Therefore, they are richer color image output. .But we can not forget that most of the displays only support sRGB color. .</ P> <P align=center> </ P ><!-- Navigation Menu - ".

High light spill (Blooming).

Digital camera sensor pixel is responsible for collecting photon and photon by photodiodes put into charge, followed by a series of processing, the formation of the image. We in the "dynamic range" topic has been on the inside, upon receiving the "barrel" photon (bucket) loaded by additional photons into charge will overflow, and the overflow of values the object is not affected,

Digital camera sensor pixel is responsible for collecting photon and photon by photodiodes put into charge, followed by a series of processing, the formation of the image.

We in the "dynamic range" topic has been on the inside, upon receiving the "barrel" photon (bucket) loaded by additional photons into charge will overflow, and the overflow is not an object of value, so the impact will cause the value of photosensitive pixel is insufficient or overexposure. When the charge overflow to the next pixel to pixel in handling next to Photon processes overexposure (for example describes the sky bright pixel is charge overflow leaves or branches on the edge of the darker pixel overexposure), this is the "highlight overflow". Highlight overflow will void the picture loss of detail, but also increases the chance of purple edges appear.

Some of the sensor with the "highlight overflow protection" (anti-blooming gates), absorption, reducing the charge of overflow overflow charge on nearby pixels.

This function can suppress overflow highlights basic unless photos very strong light-dark contrast or due to anthropogenic causes serious too exposed photos.

Aliasing (Aliasing)

Aliasing (Aliasing) refers to the image in a non-linear (slash) lines appear jagged, such as round the edges. Why appear jagged?, in fact, the reason is simple: because the composition of the image pixels are square. Let us look at the chart below: terminology properly view (1 x) magnification view (4 ×) annotations confuse phenomenon sawtooth clearly visible

Aliasing (Aliasing) refers to the image in a non-linear (slash) lines appear jagged, such as round the edges.

Why appear jagged?, in fact, the reason is simple: because the composition of the image pixels are square. Let us look at the chart below: terminology properly view (1 x) magnification view (4 ×) comment aliasing anti-aliasing is clearly visible, enlarged sawtooth particularly obvious-aliasing not so obvious that the line looks smoother

Anti-aliasing (Anti-aliasing)

Aliasing edges by average pixel method so that the image's edge looks smoother.

In the example above, some blue pixel insert into yellow edge pixels, at the same time, some yellow pixel insert into blue edge pixels. This transfer allows image circle from yellow to blue background process is gradual and smooth lines and more. Most image editing software with "aliasing" option, this option can be used for the type of font, drawing lines, shapes, wide selection and so on. In addition, all digital cameras have built-in "aliasing" feature that enables the photos look smoother.

Professional analysis; from imaging on optical zoom and digital zoom

In our contacts with many models of digital cameras appear optical zoom and digital zoom concept. For just getting started with digital cameras, and prepared to make the choice of the consumer, often only see both the ability to zoom in on distant objects, and not specific to tell the real difference between the two. This often leads to a specific purchase choice mistakes. In fact, optical

In our contacts with many models of digital cameras appear optical zoom and digital zoom concept.

For just getting started with digital cameras, and prepared to make the choice of the consumer, often only see both the ability to zoom in on distant objects, and not specific to tell the real difference between the two. This often leads to a specific purchase choice mistakes. In fact, the optical zoom is digital camera lens of a very important parameter, and the digital zoom the existence of differences in nature.

The difference is not only reflected in their works, in the final image, they will also have significant differences.

Only from imaging quality, optical zoom ratio digital zoom elite. But digital zoom because of low cost, widely also in consumer-level digital cameras equipped. Moreover, with the image processing technologies of enhancement, Digital Zoom effect has also improved, for example Sony SmartZoom digital zoom technology, is a more practical digital zoom technology.

In the face a large number of technical information, consumers seems more difficult, but in the optical zoom and digital zoom the how to make a choice between? here is difference, practical and specific problems such as choosing to do some simple statements, hoping to give everybody the purchase offer some advice.

Optical zoom and digital zoom for each principle

Optical zoom

To understand the principle of optical zoom, first of all let's see what lens imaging process.

In our junior high school physics class, the teacher will give us a magnifier Imaging tests, burning candles through magnifying glass will whiteboard clearly came out at the same time as the projection magnifying glass in the before and after the move, burning candles at the Whiteboard image size will change. This is both a camera and imaging of principle, the principle of optical zoom. The camera's optical zoom is by changing the lens focus position, in order to change the angle of the light entering the lens, so that the same distance of the camera object in the PC component becomes larger, or more distant objects can have to focus more clearly on the PC components.

Top camera imaging, simple plan, the optical zoom is by moving the lens the internal lens to change focus position, change the length of the lens focal length, and change the size of the camera lens to achieve the image zoom in and zoom out.

The previous figure, a red triangle long right-angled edges is the camera's focal length. When you change the location of the focus, the focus will change. For example, set the focus to move in the opposite direction of imaging surface, the focal length will get longer, the perspective will be smaller. In this way, the angle range of scenery in Imaging surface becomes even greater. This is the principle of optical zoom.

We always contact digital optical zoom focal length, it actually is on the focal length of length in the figure.

Such as the Canon A95 's 3 x optical zoom lens, focal length 7.8-23.4mm, referring to the focal length can change, in fact that is being taken to enlarge the scope of the object. While the equivalent focal length above jiaochang is formatted as a traditional 35mm camera focal length, and thereby become more intuitive, the problem is not in the scope of our discussions.

Digital Zoom

Digital zoom in principle to understand some of the more complex.

Now the mainstream technology, digital zoom is to use the image processor PC components in a region of the photographic unit of image information for separate zoom. However, the mere fact of zooming and image processing software for local amplification is exactly the same, without any value. Now, many manufacturers of digital cameras internal already contains image routing software, it can image zoom, detail loss at each pixel, peripheral characteristics analysis of pixels, and analysis of data obtained from the increase in the pixels surrounding pixels, in fact is the so-called "interpolation" Imaging. This to some extent reduces local amplification on the image quality of the image, but in fact, such a reduction is often very limited.

We are digital camera imaging structure simplification can get on the map.

In digital zoom, photo objects through the lens in the PC component projection image size does not change. Simply, the camera's internal software through the PC component of the central part, and the pixel for interception with built-in software to zoom in and interpolation, so as to achieve the effect of the image to enlarge. This process is that we often see in the digital camera with digital zoom.

Shutter speed (Shutterspeed)

The shutter speed determines the film or sensor exposure time. Camera lenses and film by controlling (sensor) mechanical shutter "an open a hop" two actions to control the shutter speed, thus controlling the exposure time. For example, the shutter speed to 1/125s means the camera sensor (film) exposure of 1/125 sec. Electronic shutter and similar mechanical shutter, not

The shutter speed determines the film or sensor exposure time.

Camera lenses and film by controlling (sensor) mechanical shutter "an open a hop" two actions to control the shutter speed, thus controlling the exposure time. For example, the shutter speed to 1/125s means the camera sensor (film) exposure of 1/125 sec. Electronic shutter and similar mechanical shutter, but it is by controlling the photodiode sensor to control the shutter speed. Some digital camera shutter is a mechanical shutter and electronic shutter.

Shutter speed in seconds to score form, usually faster shutter speed was at the level of the slow shutter speed at 1/2 that the exposure time by half.

For example, 1/2s, 1/4s, 1/8s, 1/1/15s, 30s, 1/60s, 1/125s, 1/250s, 1/500s, 1/1000s, 1/2000s, 1/4000s, 1/8000s, etc. However, the slow shutter speed is usually expressed in seconds, for example, 8s, 1s, 2s, 4s.

Shooting environment determines the most appropriate shutter speed.

But here there is a small Tip: use the "1/focal length" seconds more shutter speed can effectively prevent camera shake and blur. When the shutter speed value lower than this, please use a tripod or with optical stabilizer lens or camera. If you want to use the camera "freezing" of an action (for example in sports photography), shutter speed of at least 1/250s or even more. However, not all "moves" filming needs high speed shutter. If the user wants to shoot a movement of the car, you can shoot through the camera follow (camera movement and the same vehicle moving relative velocity), the movement of the car remains in the viewfinder. This not only allows the user to use a slower shutter speed shooting, and able to take out the background of dynamic blur effect, increase screen dynamic.

This picture to 1/500s shutter speed shooting, solidifying the spray dynamic posture.

To 1/125s shutter speed shooting, causing the background to follow dynamic fuzzy, speed sense.

Associate professional-level and professional-grade digital cameras typically provide a shutter priority mode that allows the user to maintain exposure constant change shutter speed.

Metering (Metering)

Digital camera metering system in accordance with the shooting environment to different metering mode (following the specific analysis) measurement of luminance, and calculates an optimal exposure value, make photos accurate exposure. AE is all digital cameras come with standard exposure program, as long as you choose good metering mode, turn the lens alignment is a singularly objects, gently press the shutter, an exposure accurate picture

Digital camera metering system in accordance with the shooting environment to different metering mode (following the specific analysis) measurement of luminance, and calculates an optimal exposure value, make photos accurate exposure.

AE is all digital cameras come with standard exposure program, as long as you choose good metering mode, turn the lens alignment is a singularly objects, gently press the shutter, an exposure accurate picture immediately rendered (in most cases).

Metering mode means the metering system according to what information in your environment to what law photometric calculation reasonable exposure value.

Metering mode with the camera model and brand, but most can be divided into the following 3 types:

Matrix metering or evaluation of metering

This is a comprehensive strongest metering mode, basic in any environment, figure out the most accurate exposure.

The essence of the matrix metering is to take the environment into a multiple metering zones of matrix, the system for each region independently metering, and then to a set of algorithms calculate the best exposure value. Therefore, the camera metering system of algorithms is the key to determining the exposure value, a digital camera manufacturer generally does not disclose the algorithms for details. But we know that this set of algorithms are usually based on the shooting environment and some typical scenarios for comparison to calculate a reasonable exposure value.

Central-weighted average metering

This is the most common digital camera metering mode, almost all digital cameras come with this type of metering mode, some no metering mode selection of digital camera's default metering mode is the central focus of average metering mode.

This metering mode the whole screen, the average measuring light, but with a particular focus on the Center area. The central focus of average metering is widely applied in portrait photography.

Point (partial) metering

Point metering allows users to screen center absorbed object focus metering (some cameras are also available on the selected AF point).

At the point of metering mode, move the camera only on a small area metering, ignore the rest of the screen. This metering mode is typically used for shooting silhouettes, macro and shoot the Moon, and so on.